对象的创建和存在时间

对象的创建和存在时间(中文2500字,英文1900字)
从技术角度说，OOP (面向对象程序设计)只是涉及抽象的数据类型、继承以及多形性， 但另一些问题也可能显得非常重要。本节将就这些问题进行探讨。
最重要的问题之一是对象的创建及破坏方式。对象需要的数据位于哪儿，如何控制对象的"存在时间" 呢?
针对这个问题，解决的方案是各异其趣的。C++认为程序的执行效率是最重要的一个问题，所以它允许程序员作出选择。为获得最快的运行速度，存储以及存在时间可在编写程序时决定，只需将对象放置在堆栈( 有时也叫你自动或定域变量)或者静态存储区域即可。这样便为存储空间的分配和释放提供了一个优先级。某些情况下， 这种优先级的控制是非常有价值的。然而，我们同时也牺牲了灵活性，因为在编写程序时，必须知道对象的准确的数量、存在时间、以及类型。如果要解决的是一个较常规的问题，如计算机辅助设计、仓储管理或者空中交通控制，这一方法就显得太局限了。

Object landscapes and lifetimes
Technically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, inheritance and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as important. The remainder of this section will cover these issues.
One of the most important factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object controlled? There are different philosophies at work here.C++ takes the approach that control of efficiency is the most important issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocation and release, and control of these can be very valuable in some situations. However, you sacrifice flexibility because  you must know the exact quantitv. lifetime and type. of objects while you're writing! The program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided design,warehouse management or air-traffic control, this is too restrictive.